Merge branch 'trixie' of github.com:Signum/workaround-astro-starlight into trixie
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User-agent: *
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User-agent: AddSearchBot
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Allow: /
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User-agent: AI2Bot
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User-agent: Ai2Bot-Dolma
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User-agent: aiHitBot
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User-agent: Amazonbot
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User-agent: Andibot
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User-agent: anthropic-ai
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User-agent: Applebot
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User-agent: Applebot-Extended
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User-agent: Awario
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User-agent: bedrockbot
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User-agent: bigsur.ai
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User-agent: Brightbot 1.0
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User-agent: Bytespider
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User-agent: CCBot
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User-agent: ChatGPT Agent
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User-agent: ChatGPT-User
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User-agent: Claude-SearchBot
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User-agent: Claude-User
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User-agent: Claude-Web
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User-agent: ClaudeBot
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User-agent: CloudVertexBot
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User-agent: cohere-ai
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User-agent: cohere-training-data-crawler
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User-agent: Cotoyogi
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User-agent: Crawlspace
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User-agent: Datenbank Crawler
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User-agent: Devin
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User-agent: Diffbot
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User-agent: DuckAssistBot
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User-agent: Echobot Bot
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User-agent: EchoboxBot
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User-agent: FacebookBot
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User-agent: facebookexternalhit
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User-agent: Factset_spyderbot
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User-agent: FirecrawlAgent
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User-agent: FriendlyCrawler
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User-agent: Gemini-Deep-Research
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User-agent: GPTBot
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User-agent: iaskspider/2.0
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User-agent: ICC-Crawler
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User-agent: ImagesiftBot
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User-agent: img2dataset
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User-agent: ISSCyberRiskCrawler
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User-agent: Kangaroo Bot
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User-agent: LinerBot
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User-agent: meta-externalagent
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User-agent: Meta-ExternalAgent
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User-agent: meta-externalfetcher
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User-agent: Meta-ExternalFetcher
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User-agent: meta-webindexer
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User-agent: MistralAI-User
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User-agent: MistralAI-User/1.0
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User-agent: MyCentralAIScraperBot
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User-agent: netEstate Imprint Crawler
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User-agent: NovaAct
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User-agent: OAI-SearchBot
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User-agent: omgili
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User-agent: omgilibot
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User-agent: OpenAI
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User-agent: Operator
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User-agent: PanguBot
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User-agent: Panscient
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User-agent: panscient.com
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User-agent: Perplexity-User
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User-agent: PetalBot
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User-agent: PhindBot
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User-agent: Poseidon Research Crawler
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User-agent: QualifiedBot
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User-agent: QuillBot
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User-agent: quillbot.com
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User-agent: SBIntuitionsBot
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User-agent: Scrapy
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User-agent: SemrushBot-OCOB
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User-agent: SemrushBot-SWA
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User-agent: ShapBot
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User-agent: Sidetrade indexer bot
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User-agent: TerraCotta
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User-agent: Thinkbot
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User-agent: TikTokSpider
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User-agent: Timpibot
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User-agent: VelenPublicWebCrawler
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User-agent: WARDBot
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User-agent: Webzio-Extended
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User-agent: wpbot
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User-agent: YaK
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User-agent: YandexAdditional
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User-agent: YandexAdditionalBot
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User-agent: YouBot
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Disallow: /
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Sitemap: https://workaround.org/sitemap-index.xml
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Sitemap: https://workaround.org/sitemap-index.xml
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54
src/content/docs/ispmail-trixie/190-imap.mdx
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src/content/docs/ispmail-trixie/190-imap.mdx
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---
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title: IMAP
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lastUpdated: 2025-09-14
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slug: ispmail-trxie/imap
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sidebar:
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order: 190
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---
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Your mail server relies on two primary protocols. We’ve already covered **SMTP** in detail, which handles the transfer
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of emails between servers. The other important protocol is
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[**IMAP**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol) – the _Internet Message Access Protocol_.
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Email clients such as Thunderbird, Roundcube, mutt or the mail apps on your smartphone use IMAP to retrieve and manage
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messages. The good news is that you don’t need to configure anything new on the server — it’s already set up. In fact,
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even Roundcube (your webmail application) communicates with the server via IMAP to access emails.
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## mutt using IMAP
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You may not have heard of _mutt_ before. It's like the VIM editor but for mails. Very powerful but it only has a
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text-based user interface. For testing IMAP on mail servers it's still a good way because you do not have to set up a
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complete account as in Thunderbird.
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Give it a try – and as usual replace `webmail.example.org` by your mail server's host name:
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```sh title="Run this on your server"
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mutt -f imaps://john@example.org@webmail.example.org
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```
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The connection URL may look a little confusing because of the two “@” characters. Usually _mutt_ expects the format
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`imaps://user@server`. The _user_ is `john@example.org` on your server so you get this syntax.
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You should get prompted for the password which we set to `summersun`. If you get any certificate warnings then check if
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you used the correct server name. If the authentication has succeeded, you will see John's inbox:
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These are test emails that you sent earlier using `swaks`. You open an email by pressing `Enter` and get back using `q`.
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Mainly we wanted to check that IMAP access works.
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## mutt using the file system
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Mutt can not only speak IMAP – it can access an inbox (or maildir) on your disk directly as well:
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```sh title="Run this on your server"
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mutt -f /var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/
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```
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That way you will not be forced to authenticate as you are working with the file system.
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## Thunderbird
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A typical account setup in Thunderbird looks like:
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---
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title: Managing users, aliases and domains
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lastUpdated: 2025-09-17
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slug: ispmail-trixie/managing-users-aliases-and-domains
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sidebar:
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order: 200
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---
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import { Tabs, TabItem } from "@astrojs/starlight/components";
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Maybe you already know what you have to do to create mail domains and mail users. After all I tried to explain the
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database schema in the section that dealt with preparing the database. But if that wasn’t clear enough let me explain
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what you need to do to manage your mail accounts.
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## Using SQL queries
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The following sections explain the changes and SQL queries you can use for common management tasks:
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### Create a new mail domain
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Insert a new row into the virtual_domains table and set the “name” to the name of the new domain. (Do not forget to set
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up SPF and DKIM.)
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```sql
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INSERT INTO virtual_domains (name) VALUES ("example.org");
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```
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### Delete a mail domain
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Delete the row from the virtual_domains table that has the right “name”. All aliases and users will automatically be
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deleted, too. However the mailboxes will stay on disk at /var/vmail/… and you need to delete them manually.
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```sql
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DELETE FROM virtual_domains where name='example.org';
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```
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### Create a mail user
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Find out the “id” of the right domain from the virtual_domains table. The insert a new row into the virtual_users table.
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Set the domain_id to the value you just looked up in the virtual_domains table. Set the “email” field to the complete
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email address of the new user. Create a new password in a shell using the “dovecot pw -s BLF-CRYPT” command and insert
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the result into the “password” field.
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```sql
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INSERT INTO virtual_users (domain_id, email, password) VALUES (SELECT id FROM virtual_domains WHERE name='example.org'), 'john@example.org','{BLF-CRYPT}$2y$05$.We…';
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```
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### Change the password of a user
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Find the row in the virtual_users table by looking for the right “email” field. Create a new password in a shell using
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the “dovecot pw -s BLF-CRYPT” command and insert the result into the “password” field.
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```sql
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UPDATE virtual_users SET password='{BLF-CRYPT}$2y$05$.We…' WHERE email='email@address';
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```
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### Delete a mail user
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Find the row in the virtual_users table by looking for the right “email” field and delete it. The mailbox will stay on
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disk at /var/vmail/… and you need to delete it manually
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```sql
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DELETE FROM virtual_users WHERE email='john@example.org';
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```
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### Create a mail forwarding
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You can forward emails from one (source) email to other addresses (destinations) – even outside of your mail
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server. Find out the “id” of the right domain (the part after the “@” of the source email address) from the
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virtual_domains table. Create a new row in the virtual_aliases table for each destination (if you have multiple
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destination addresses). Set the “source” field to the complete source email address. And set the “destination” field to
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the respective complete destination email address.
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```sql
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INSERT INTO virtual_aliases (domain_id, source, destination) VALUES ( (SELECT id FROM virtual_domains WHERE name='example.org'), 'melissa@example.org', 'juila@example.net');
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```
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### Delete a mail forwarding
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Find all rows in the virtual_aliases table by looking for the right “source” email address. Remove all rows that you
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lead to “destination” addresses you don’t want to forward email to.
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```sql
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DELETE FROM virtual_aliases WHERE source='melissa@example.org';
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```
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## Web interfaces
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If you don’t like using SQL queries to manage your mail server you may like to install a web-based management software.
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Several developers contributed web interfaces for earlier versions of this guide and they will probably still work
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because the database schema has not changed. Your experience with these projects, or links to further projects, is very
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welcome in the comments.
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### ISPmail Admin
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Homepage: [http://ima.jungclaussen.com/](http://ima.jungclaussen.com/)
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Demo: [http://ima.jungclaussen.com/demo/](http://ima.jungclaussen.com/demo/)
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### ispmail-userctl
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Christian G. has created a text-based program to help you manage your mail accounts. You may like it if you just want a
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little help adding accounts and setting passwords but not provide a full blown web interface.
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You can find his [Python script at Github](https://github.com/cgzones/ispmail-userctl).
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