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</script> <ul class="top-level astro-3ii7xxms"> <li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <details open class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <sl-sidebar-restore data-index="0"></sl-sidebar-restore> <summary class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="group-label astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="large astro-3ii7xxms">ISPmail for Debian 13</span> </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="caret astro-3ii7xxms astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.25rem;"><path d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></svg> </summary> <ul class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Start here</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/upgrading/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Upgrading from Debian Bookworm</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/install-debian/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Installing Debian</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/install-the-software-packages/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Install software packages</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/virtual-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Virtual domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/database/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Database setup</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/overview/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Big picture</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/dns-records/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">DNS records</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/tls-certificate/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">TLS certificate</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/postfix/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Postfix</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/dovecot/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Dovecot</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/lmtp/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">LMTP</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/webmail/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Webmail using Roundcube</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/relaying/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Sending / Relaying</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/imap/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">IMAP</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/managing-users-aliases-and-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Managing users, aliases and domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/catching-spam-with-rspamd/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catching spam with rspamd</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/anti-spoofing-dkim-spf/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Prevent spoofing using DKIM and SPF</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/catch-all/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catch-all addresses</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/quotas/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Quotas</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/going-live/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Going live</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/automated-installation/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Automated installation</span> </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <details open class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <sl-sidebar-restore data-index="1"></sl-sidebar-restore> <summary class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="group-label astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="large astro-3ii7xxms">ISPmail for Debian 12</span> </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="caret astro-3ii7xxms astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.25rem;"><path d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></svg> </summary> <ul class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Start here</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/whats-new/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">What&#39;s new</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/migrating-from-a-bullseye-to-a-bookworm-server/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Migrating from your old (Bullseye) server</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/big-picture/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">The big picture</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/types-of-email-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Types of email domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/install-debian-bookworm-on-your-server/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Installing Debian</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/install-the-software-packages/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Install software packages</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/creating-a-tls-encryption-key-and-certificate/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">TLS certificate</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/prepare-the-database/" aria-current="page" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Preparing the database</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/making-postfix-get-its-information-from-the-mariadb-database/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Let Postfix access MariaDB</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/catchall-aliases/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catch-all aliases</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/setting-up-dovecot/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Setting up Dovecot</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/let-postfix-send-emails-to-dovecot/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Let Postfix send emails to Dovecot</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/quotas/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Quotas</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/testing-imap/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Testing IMAP</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/webmail-using-roundcube/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Webmail using Roundcube</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/testing-email-delivery/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Testing email delivery</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/relaying-outgoing-emails-through-postfix/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Relaying outgoing emails through Postfix</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/catching-spam-with-rspamd/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catching spam with rspamd</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/setting-dns-records/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Setting DNS records</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/prevent-spoofing-using-dkim/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Prevent spoofing using DKIM</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/managing-users-aliases-and-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Managing users, aliases and domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/monitoring-and-backup/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Monitoring and Backup</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/automatic-installation-with-ansible/" aria-current="false" 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⚠️ This page is part of the ISPmail guide for Debian Bookworm. Please use the newer guide for <a href="/ispmail-trixie/" class="astro-kggsjsm4">Debian Trixie</a>.
</section> <div class="content-panel astro-7nkwcw3z"> <div class="sl-container astro-7nkwcw3z"> <h1 id="_top" class="astro-j6tvhyss">Preparing the database</h1> </div> </div> <div class="content-panel astro-7nkwcw3z"> <div class="sl-container astro-7nkwcw3z"> <div class="sl-markdown-content"> <p>Now its time to prepare the MariaDB database that stores the information that controls your mail server. In the process you will have to enter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL">SQL</a> queries the language of relational database servers. You may enter them in a terminal window using the mysql command. But if you are less experienced with SQL you may prefer using a web interface. Thats what you installed <em><a href="https://www.adminer.org/">Adminer</a></em> for.</p>
<aside aria-label="Why not PostgreSQL?" class="starlight-aside starlight-aside--tip"> <p class="starlight-aside__title" aria-hidden="true"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="starlight-aside__icon astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1em;"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1.44 8.855v-.001l3.527-3.516c.34-.344.802-.541 1.285-.548h6.649l.947-.947c3.07-3.07 6.207-3.072 7.62-2.868a1.821 1.821 0 0 1 1.557 1.557c.204 1.413.203 4.55-2.868 7.62l-.946.946v6.649a1.845 1.845 0 0 1-.549 1.286l-3.516 3.528a1.844 1.844 0 0 1-3.11-.944l-.858-4.275-4.52-4.52-2.31-.463-1.964-.394A1.847 1.847 0 0 1 .98 10.693a1.843 1.843 0 0 1 .46-1.838Zm5.379 2.017-3.873-.776L6.32 6.733h4.638l-4.14 4.14Zm8.403-5.655c2.459-2.46 4.856-2.463 5.89-2.33.134 1.035.13 3.432-2.329 5.891l-6.71 6.71-3.561-3.56 6.71-6.711Zm-1.318 15.837-.776-3.873 4.14-4.14v4.639l-3.364 3.374Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M9.318 18.345a.972.972 0 0 0-1.86-.561c-.482 1.435-1.687 2.204-2.934 2.619a8.22 8.22 0 0 1-1.23.302c.062-.365.157-.79.303-1.229.415-1.247 1.184-2.452 2.62-2.935a.971.971 0 1 0-.62-1.842c-.12.04-.236.084-.35.13-2.02.828-3.012 2.588-3.493 4.033a10.383 10.383 0 0 0-.51 2.845l-.001.016v.063c0 .536.434.972.97.972H2.24a7.21 7.21 0 0 0 .878-.065c.527-.063 1.248-.19 2.02-.447 1.445-.48 3.205-1.472 4.033-3.494a5.828 5.828 0 0 0 .147-.407Z"/></svg>Why not PostgreSQL? </p> <div class="starlight-aside__content"> <p>Several comments show that some system administrators prefer the PostgreSQL database engine over MariaDB. Count me in. So why is this guide still using MariaDB/MySQL? Mainly for historical reasons. I want to spare you any unneccessary changes when migrating to a new version. If you are familiar with PostgreSQL however you can easily adapt this guide to PostgreSQL. There are dovecot-pgsql and postfix-pgsql packages. And Adminer works with PostgreSQL as well.</p><p>It may be worth using SQLite instead. Because on small <em>family-and-friends</em> servers that would be totally sufficient. Let us see if it will be added to this guide at a later time.</p> </div> </aside>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="setting-up-adminer">Setting up Adminer</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#setting-up-adminer"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Setting up Adminer”</span></a></div>
<p>Basically Adminer is just a couple of PHP files served from your Apache web server. The setup is simple. Edit your /etc/apache2/sites-available/<strong>webmail.example.org</strong>-https.conf file and put this line anywhere between the &#x3C;VirtualHost> and the &#x3C;/VirtualHost> tags:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_astro/ec.v4551.css"><script type="module" src="/_astro/ec.0vx5m.js"></script><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">Alias /adminer /usr/share/adminer/adminer</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="Alias /adminer /usr/share/adminer/adminer"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Reload the Apache process:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">systemctl reload apache2</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="systemctl reload apache2"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<aside aria-label="Security warning" class="starlight-aside starlight-aside--danger"> <p class="starlight-aside__title" aria-hidden="true"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="starlight-aside__icon astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1em;"><path d="M12 7a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v4a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V8a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm0 8a1 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0-2Zm9.71-7.44-5.27-5.27a1.05 1.05 0 0 0-.71-.29H8.27a1.05 1.05 0 0 0-.71.29L2.29 7.56a1.05 1.05 0 0 0-.29.71v7.46c.004.265.107.518.29.71l5.27 5.27c.192.183.445.286.71.29h7.46a1.05 1.05 0 0 0 .71-.29l5.27-5.27a1.05 1.05 0 0 0 .29-.71V8.27a1.05 1.05 0 0 0-.29-.71ZM20 15.31 15.31 20H8.69L4 15.31V8.69L8.69 4h6.62L20 8.69v6.62Z"/></svg>Security warning </p> <div class="starlight-aside__content"> <p>Having an SQL admin interface publicly available on your web site is an invitation for internet scoundrels to do bad things. Consider protecting the /adminer location by an additional password. The Apache documentation shows you how to do that. Or use a less obvious path than “/adminer” in the Alias.</p> </div> </aside>
<p>You will not be able to login yet. The only available database user is root, but it is only usable from the shell by default not over a network.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="generate-two-random-passwords">Generate two random passwords</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#generate-two-random-passwords"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Generate two random passwords”</span></a></div>
<p>In this section you will create the basic database “mailserver” and two users. One user (“mailadmin”) will be able to change the data in the database and is meant for you. The other user (“mailserver”) can only read from the database and is meant for the server processes.</p>
<p>Use the <em>pwgen</em> tool to create two random passwords for these users:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">pwgen -s1 30 2</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="pwgen -s1 30 2"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Take a note of the passwords or store them somewhere safe.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="create-the-mailserver-database">Create the mailserver database</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#create-the-mailserver-database"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Create the mailserver database”</span></a></div>
<p>This step is simple. Connect to the database using the mysql command:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">mysql</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="mysql"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>You should see the MariaDB prompt that allows you to enter further SQL commands:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">MariaDB [(none)]></span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="MariaDB [(none)]>"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Now you are expected to speak SQL. To create a new database for our needs enter:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">CREATE DATABASE mailserver;</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="CREATE DATABASE mailserver;"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>You will be told that your query was OK and that one new row was added.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="create-the-database-users">Create the database users</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#create-the-database-users"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Create the database users”</span></a></div>
<p>Now you have an empty database. Let us give the “mailadmin” database user the required privileges to manage it.</p>
<p>You are still connected to the database, right? To create a user with full permissions enter this SQL command. Please use the <strong>first</strong> password you just generated instead of mine:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">grant all privileges on mailserver.* to 'mailadmin'@'localhost' identified by 'gefk6lA2brMOeb8eR5WYaMEdKDQfnF';</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="grant all privileges on mailserver.* to &#x27;mailadmin&#x27;@&#x27;localhost&#x27; identified by &#x27;gefk6lA2brMOeb8eR5WYaMEdKDQfnF&#x27;;"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Also create the read-only user that will grant Postfix and Dovecot database access later (use your <strong>second</strong> random password here).</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">grant select on mailserver.* to 'mailserver'@'127.0.0.1' identified by 'x893dNj4stkHy1MKQq0USWBaX4ZZdq';</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="grant select on mailserver.* to &#x27;mailserver&#x27;@&#x27;127.0.0.1&#x27; identified by &#x27;x893dNj4stkHy1MKQq0USWBaX4ZZdq&#x27;;"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<aside aria-label="127.0.0.1 versus localhost" class="starlight-aside starlight-aside--note"> <p class="starlight-aside__title" aria-hidden="true"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="starlight-aside__icon astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1em;"><path d="M12 11a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v4a1 1 0 0 0 2 0v-4a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm.38-3.92a1 1 0 0 0-.76 0 1 1 0 0 0-.33.21 1.15 1.15 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 .21 1.09c.097.088.209.16.33.21A1 1 0 0 0 13 8a1.05 1.05 0 0 0-.29-.71 1 1 0 0 0-.33-.21ZM12 2a10 10 0 1 0 0 20 10 10 0 0 0 0-20Zm0 18a8 8 0 1 1 0-16.001A8 8 0 0 1 12 20Z"/></svg>127.0.0.1 versus localhost </p> <div class="starlight-aside__content"> <p>Wait a minute. Why is there “127.0.0.1” instead of “localhost” in the second SQL command? Is that a typo? No, its not. Well, in network terminology those two are identical. But MariaDB (and Oracles MySQL) distinguishes between the two. If you initiate a database connection to “localhost” then you talk to the socket file which lives at /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock on your server. But if you connect to “127.0.0.1” it will create a network connection talking to the TCP socket on port 3306 on your server. The difference is that any process on your server can talk to 127.0.0.1. But the socket file has certain user/group/other permissions just like any other file on your file system. Postfix will be restricted to its /var/spool/postfix directory and cannot by default access that socket file. So by using 127.0.0.1 we circumvent that limitation.</p><p>When you use <em>Adminer</em> you will have to use localhost as a database server when using the mailadmin user but 127.0.0.1 when using the mailserver user.</p> </div> </aside>
<p>Now you can use <em>Adminer</em> to log in using the <em>mailadmin</em> account and the <strong>first</strong> password:</p>
<p><img src="/_astro/prepare-database-adminer-login.01ShyyPj_Z2axosv.webp" alt="Login to Adminer" loading="lazy" decoding="async" fetchpriority="auto" width="308" height="251"></p>
<p>You should get logged in and see the “mailserver” database:</p>
<p><img src="/_astro/prepare-database-adminer-mailserver-database.1f3EMpj4_Z152tht.webp" alt="Create a database in Adminer" loading="lazy" decoding="async" fetchpriority="auto" width="786" height="370"></p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="creating-the-database-tables">Creating the database tables</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#creating-the-database-tables"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Creating the database tables”</span></a></div>
<p>Do you remember that I introduced three Postfix <em>mappings</em> earlier? One for <em>virtual domains</em>, one for <em>virtual aliases</em> and another for <em>virtual users</em>? Each of the mappings needs a database table that you will create now. Feel free to use <em>Adminer</em>. I will however also show the SQL statement to create the tables that you can enter on the mysql command-line tool. Below you can click on either [Adminer] or [SQL] to choose.</p>
<p>The first table to create is…</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="virtual_domains">virtual_domains</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#virtual_domains"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “virtual_domains”</span></a></div>
<p>This table just holds the list of domains that you will use as <em>virtual_mailbox_domains</em> in Postfix.</p>
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</script><starlight-tabs data-sync-key="sql" class="astro-esqgolmp"> <div class="tablist-wrapper not-content astro-esqgolmp"> <ul role="tablist" class="astro-esqgolmp"> <li role="presentation" class="tab astro-esqgolmp"> <a role="tab" href="#tab-panel-14" id="tab-14" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" class="astro-esqgolmp"> Adminer </a> </li><li role="presentation" class="tab astro-esqgolmp"> <a role="tab" href="#tab-panel-15" id="tab-15" aria-selected="false" tabindex="-1" class="astro-esqgolmp"> SQL </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="tab-panel-14" aria-labelledby="tab-14" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0">
<table><thead><tr><th><strong>Column</strong></th><th><strong>Purpose</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>id</td><td>A unique number identifying each row. It is added by the database automatically.</td></tr><tr><td>name</td><td>The name of the domain you want to receive email for.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div id="tab-panel-15" aria-labelledby="tab-15" role="tabpanel" hidden> <div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="sql"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">USE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> mailserver;</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code">
</div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">CREATE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">TABLE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">IF</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">EXISTS</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">virtual_domains</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">id</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">int</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">11</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> auto_increment,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">name</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">varchar</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">50</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">PRIMARY KEY</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">id</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">)</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span></span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) ENGINE</span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">=</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">InnoDB </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">DEFAULT</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> CHARSET</span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">=</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">utf8;</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="USE mailserver;CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS &#x60;virtual_domains&#x60; ( &#x60;id&#x60; int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, &#x60;name&#x60; varchar(50) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (&#x60;id&#x60;) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;"><div></div></button></div></figure></div> </div> <starlight-tabs-restore class="astro-esqgolmp"></starlight-tabs-restore> </starlight-tabs> <script type="module">class r extends HTMLElement{static#e=new Map;#t;#n="starlight-synced-tabs__";constructor(){super();const t=this.querySelector('[role="tablist"]');if(this.tabs=[...t.querySelectorAll('[role="tab"]')],this.panels=[...this.querySelectorAll(':scope > [role="tabpanel"]')],this.#t=this.dataset.syncKey,this.#t){const i=r.#e.get(this.#t)??[];i.push(this),r.#e.set(this.#t,i)}this.tabs.forEach((i,c)=>{i.addEventListener("click",e=>{e.preventDefault();const n=t.querySelector('[aria-selected="true"]');e.currentTarget!==n&&this.switchTab(e.currentTarget,c)}),i.addEventListener("keydown",e=>{const n=this.tabs.indexOf(e.currentTarget),s=e.key==="ArrowLeft"?n-1:e.key==="ArrowRight"?n+1:e.key==="Home"?0:e.key==="End"?this.tabs.length-1:null;s!==null&&this.tabs[s]&&(e.preventDefault(),this.switchTab(this.tabs[s],s))})})}switchTab(t,i,c=!0){if(!t)return;const e=c?this.getBoundingClientRect().top:0;this.tabs.forEach(s=>{s.setAttribute("aria-selected","false"),s.setAttribute("tabindex","-1")}),this.panels.forEach(s=>{s.hidden=!0});const n=this.panels[i];n&&(n.hidden=!1),t.removeAttribute("tabindex"),t.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"),c&&(t.focus(),r.#r(this,t),window.scrollTo({top:window.scrollY+(this.getBoundingClientRect().top-e),behavior:"instant"}))}#i(t){!this.#t||typeof localStorage>"u"||localStorage.setItem(this.#n+this.#t,t)}static#r(t,i){const c=t.#t,e=r.#s(i);if(!c||!e)return;const n=r.#e.get(c);if(n){for(const s of n){if(s===t)continue;const a=s.tabs.findIndex(o=>r.#s(o)===e);a!==-1&&s.switchTab(s.tabs[a],a,!1)}t.#i(e)}}static#s(t){return t.textContent?.trim()}}customElements.define("starlight-tabs",r);</script>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h3"><h3 id="virtual_users">virtual_users</h3><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#virtual_users"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “virtual_users”</span></a></div>
<p>The next table contains information about your users. Each mail account takes up one row.</p>
<starlight-tabs data-sync-key="sql" class="astro-esqgolmp"> <div class="tablist-wrapper not-content astro-esqgolmp"> <ul role="tablist" class="astro-esqgolmp"> <li role="presentation" class="tab astro-esqgolmp"> <a role="tab" href="#tab-panel-16" id="tab-16" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" class="astro-esqgolmp"> Adminer </a> </li><li role="presentation" class="tab astro-esqgolmp"> <a role="tab" href="#tab-panel-17" id="tab-17" aria-selected="false" tabindex="-1" class="astro-esqgolmp"> SQL </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="tab-panel-16" aria-labelledby="tab-16" role="tabpanel">
<table><thead><tr><th><strong>Column</strong></th><th><strong>Purpose</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>domain_id</td><td>Contains the number of the domains id in the <em>virtual_domains</em> table. This is called a <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_key">foreign key</a></em>. A “delete cascade” makes sure that if a domain is deleted that all user accounts in that domain are also deleted to avoid orphaned rows.</td></tr><tr><td>email</td><td>The email address of the mail account.</td></tr><tr><td>password</td><td>The hashed password of the mail account. It is prepended by the <a href="https://doc.dovecot.org/configuration_manual/authentication/password_schemes/">password scheme</a>. By <a href="https://doc.dovecot.org/configuration_manual/authentication/password_schemes/">default</a> it is <code dir="auto">{BLF-CRYPT}</code> also known as <em>bcrypt</em> which is considered very secure. Previous ISPmail guides used <code dir="auto">{SHA256-CRYPT}</code> or even older crypt schemes. Prepending the password field the hashing algorithm in curly brackets allows you to have different kinds of hashes. So you can easily migrate your old passwords without locking out users. Users with older schemes should get a new password if possible to increase security.</td></tr><tr><td>quota</td><td>The number of bytes that this mailbox can store. You can use this value to limit how much space a mailbox can take up. The default value is 0 which means that there is no limit.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div id="tab-panel-17" aria-labelledby="tab-17" role="tabpanel" hidden> <div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="sql"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">CREATE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">TABLE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">IF</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">EXISTS</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">virtual_users</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">id</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">int</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">11</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> auto_increment,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">domain_id</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">int</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">11</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">email</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">varchar</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">100</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">password</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">varchar</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">150</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">quota</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">bigint</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">11</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">DEFAULT</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">0</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">PRIMARY KEY</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">id</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">),</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">UNIQUE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">KEY</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">email</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">email</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">),</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">FOREIGN KEY</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (domain_id) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">REFERENCES</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> virtual_domains(id) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">ON DELETE CASCADE</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span></span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) ENGINE</span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">=</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">InnoDB </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">DEFAULT</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> CHARSET</span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">=</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">utf8;</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS &#x60;virtual_users&#x60; ( &#x60;id&#x60; int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, &#x60;domain_id&#x60; int(11) NOT NULL, &#x60;email&#x60; varchar(100) NOT NULL, &#x60;password&#x60; varchar(150) NOT NULL, &#x60;quota&#x60; bigint(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT 0, PRIMARY KEY (&#x60;id&#x60;), UNIQUE KEY &#x60;email&#x60; (&#x60;email&#x60;), FOREIGN KEY (domain_id) REFERENCES virtual_domains(id) ON DELETE CASCADE ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;"><div></div></button></div></figure></div> </div> <starlight-tabs-restore class="astro-esqgolmp"></starlight-tabs-restore> </starlight-tabs>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h3"><h3 id="virtual_aliases">virtual_aliases</h3><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#virtual_aliases"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “virtual_aliases”</span></a></div>
<p>The last table contains forwardings from an email address to other email addresses.</p>
<starlight-tabs data-sync-key="sql" class="astro-esqgolmp"> <div class="tablist-wrapper not-content astro-esqgolmp"> <ul role="tablist" class="astro-esqgolmp"> <li role="presentation" class="tab astro-esqgolmp"> <a role="tab" href="#tab-panel-18" id="tab-18" aria-selected="true" tabindex="0" class="astro-esqgolmp"> Adminer </a> </li><li role="presentation" class="tab astro-esqgolmp"> <a role="tab" href="#tab-panel-19" id="tab-19" aria-selected="false" tabindex="-1" class="astro-esqgolmp"> SQL </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="tab-panel-18" aria-labelledby="tab-18" role="tabpanel" tabindex="0">
<table><thead><tr><th><strong>Field</strong></th><th><strong>Purpose</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>id</td><td>A unique number identifying each row. It is added by the database automatically.</td></tr><tr><td>domain_id</td><td>Contains the number of the domains id in the virtual_domains table again.</td></tr><tr><td>source</td><td>The email address that the email was actually sent to. In case of catch-all addresses (that accept any address in a domain) the source looks like “@example.org”.</td></tr><tr><td>destination</td><td>The email address that the email should instead be sent to.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div><div id="tab-panel-19" aria-labelledby="tab-19" role="tabpanel" hidden> <div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="sql"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">CREATE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">TABLE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">IF</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">EXISTS</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">virtual_aliases</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">id</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">int</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">11</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> auto_increment,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">domain_id</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">int</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">11</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">source</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">varchar</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">100</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">destination</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">varchar</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">(</span><span style="--0:#F78C6C;--1:#AA0982">100</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">NOT NULL</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">PRIMARY KEY</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">id</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">`</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">),</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">FOREIGN KEY</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (domain_id) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">REFERENCES</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> virtual_domains(id) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">ON DELETE CASCADE</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span></span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) ENGINE</span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">=</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">InnoDB </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">DEFAULT</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> CHARSET</span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">=</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">utf8;</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS &#x60;virtual_aliases&#x60; ( &#x60;id&#x60; int(11) NOT NULL auto_increment, &#x60;domain_id&#x60; int(11) NOT NULL, &#x60;source&#x60; varchar(100) NOT NULL, &#x60;destination&#x60; varchar(100) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (&#x60;id&#x60;), FOREIGN KEY (domain_id) REFERENCES virtual_domains(id) ON DELETE CASCADE ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;"><div></div></button></div></figure></div> </div> <starlight-tabs-restore class="astro-esqgolmp"></starlight-tabs-restore> </starlight-tabs>
<p>As described in the section about domain types there can be multiple targets for one source email address. You just would need to insert several rows with the same source address and different destination addresses that will get copies of an email. Postfix will consider all matching rows.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="example-data-to-play-with">Example data to play with</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#example-data-to-play-with"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Example data to play with”</span></a></div>
<p>Too much theory so far? I can imagine. Lets populate the database with an <code dir="auto">example.org</code> domain, a <code dir="auto">john@example.org</code> email account and a forwarding of <code dir="auto">jack@example.org</code> to <code dir="auto">john@example.org</code>. We will use that information in the next chapter to play with.</p>
<p>To add that sample data just run these SQL queries:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="sql"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">REPLACE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">INTO</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">mailserver</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">.</span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">virtual</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">\_domains (id,</span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">name</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">) </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">VALUES</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">1</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">example.org</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">);</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code">
</div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">REPLACE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">INTO</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">mailserver</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">.</span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">virtual</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">\_users (id,domain\_id,</span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">password</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,email)</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">VALUES</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">1</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">, </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">1</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">{BLF-CRYPT}$2y$05$.WedBCNZiwxY1CG3aleIleu6lYjup2CIg0BP4M4YCZsO204Czz07W</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">,</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">john@example.org</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">);</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code">
</div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">REPLACE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">INTO</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">mailserver</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">.</span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">virtual</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">\_aliases (id,domain\_id,source,destination)</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">VALUES</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> (</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">1</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">, </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">1</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">, </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">jack@example.org</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">, </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">john@example.org</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">);</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="REPLACE INTO mailserver.virtual\_domains (id,name) VALUES (&#x27;1&#x27;,&#x27;example.org&#x27;);REPLACE INTO mailserver.virtual\_users (id,domain\_id,password,email) VALUES (&#x27;1&#x27;, &#x27;1&#x27;, &#x27;{BLF-CRYPT}$2y$05$.WedBCNZiwxY1CG3aleIleu6lYjup2CIg0BP4M4YCZsO204Czz07W&#x27;, &#x27;john@example.org&#x27;);REPLACE INTO mailserver.virtual\_aliases (id,domain\_id,source,destination) VALUES (&#x27;1&#x27;, &#x27;1&#x27;, &#x27;jack@example.org&#x27;, &#x27;john@example.org&#x27;);"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Do you wonder how I got the long cryptic password? I ran…</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">doveadm pw -s BLF-CRYPT</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="doveadm pw -s BLF-CRYPT"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>…to create a secure hash of the simple password “summersun”. Once you have installed Dovecot you can try that yourself but you will get a different output. The reason is that the passwords are <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)">salted</a> to increase their security.</p>
<p>Remember to remove that sample data before you go live with your mail server. Thanks to the <em>delete cascade</em> you just need to remove the virtual_domain. The alias and the mailbox will be deleted automatically. This would be the SQL query you should run before taking your mail server into production:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="sql"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">DELETE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">FROM</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">mailserver</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">.</span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">virtual_domains</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">WHERE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">name=</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">example.org</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">;</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="DELETE FROM mailserver.virtual_domains WHERE name=&#x27;example.org&#x27;;"><div></div></button></div></figure></div> </div> <footer> <footer class="sl-flex astro-3yyafb3n"> <div class="meta sl-flex astro-3yyafb3n"> <p>Last updated: <time datetime="2023-10-03T00:00:00.000Z">Oct 3, 2023</time></p> </div> <div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-u2l5gyhi" dir="ltr"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/creating-a-tls-encryption-key-and-certificate/" rel="prev" class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-u2l5gyhi astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg> <span class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> Previous <br class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> <span class="link-title astro-u2l5gyhi">TLS certificate</span> </span> </a> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/making-postfix-get-its-information-from-the-mariadb-database/" rel="next" class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-u2l5gyhi astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg> <span class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> Next <br class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> <span class="link-title astro-u2l5gyhi">Let Postfix access MariaDB</span> </span> </a> </div> </footer> <script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script>
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