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</script> <ul class="top-level astro-3ii7xxms"> <li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <details open class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <sl-sidebar-restore data-index="0"></sl-sidebar-restore> <summary class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="group-label astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="large astro-3ii7xxms">ISPmail for Debian 13</span> </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="caret astro-3ii7xxms astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.25rem;"><path d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></svg> </summary> <ul class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Start here</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/upgrading/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Upgrading from Debian Bookworm</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/install-debian/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Installing Debian</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/install-the-software-packages/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Install software packages</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/virtual-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Virtual domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/database/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Database setup</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/overview/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Big picture</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/dns-records/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">DNS records</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/tls-certificate/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">TLS certificate</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/postfix/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Postfix</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/dovecot/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Dovecot</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/lmtp/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">LMTP</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/webmail/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Webmail using Roundcube</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/relaying/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Sending / Relaying</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/imap/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">IMAP</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/managing-users-aliases-and-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Managing users, aliases and domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/catching-spam-with-rspamd/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catching spam with rspamd</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/anti-spoofing-dkim-spf/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Prevent spoofing using DKIM and SPF</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/catch-all/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catch-all addresses</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/quotas/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Quotas</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/going-live/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Going live</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/automated-installation/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Automated installation</span> </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <details open class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <sl-sidebar-restore data-index="1"></sl-sidebar-restore> <summary class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="group-label astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="large astro-3ii7xxms">ISPmail for Debian 12</span> </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="caret astro-3ii7xxms astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.25rem;"><path d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></svg> </summary> <ul class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Start here</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/whats-new/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">What&#39;s new</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/migrating-from-a-bullseye-to-a-bookworm-server/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Migrating from your old (Bullseye) server</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/big-picture/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">The big picture</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/types-of-email-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Types of email domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/install-debian-bookworm-on-your-server/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Installing Debian</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/install-the-software-packages/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Install software packages</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/creating-a-tls-encryption-key-and-certificate/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">TLS certificate</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/prepare-the-database/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Preparing the database</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/making-postfix-get-its-information-from-the-mariadb-database/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Let Postfix access MariaDB</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/catchall-aliases/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catch-all aliases</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/setting-up-dovecot/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Setting up Dovecot</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/let-postfix-send-emails-to-dovecot/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Let Postfix send emails to Dovecot</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/quotas/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Quotas</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/testing-imap/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Testing IMAP</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/webmail-using-roundcube/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Webmail using Roundcube</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/testing-email-delivery/" aria-current="page" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Testing email delivery</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/relaying-outgoing-emails-through-postfix/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Relaying outgoing emails through Postfix</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/catching-spam-with-rspamd/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catching spam with rspamd</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/setting-dns-records/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Setting DNS records</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/prevent-spoofing-using-dkim/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Prevent spoofing using DKIM</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/managing-users-aliases-and-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Managing users, aliases and domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/monitoring-and-backup/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Monitoring and Backup</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/automatic-installation-with-ansible/" aria-current="false" 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⚠️ This page is part of the ISPmail guide for Debian Bookworm. Please use the newer guide for <a href="/ispmail-trixie/" class="astro-kggsjsm4">Debian Trixie</a>.
</section> <div class="content-panel astro-7nkwcw3z"> <div class="sl-container astro-7nkwcw3z"> <h1 id="_top" class="astro-j6tvhyss">Testing email delivery</h1> </div> </div> <div class="content-panel astro-7nkwcw3z"> <div class="sl-container astro-7nkwcw3z"> <div class="sl-markdown-content"> <p>So far you have spent considerable time with theory and configuration. Are you worried whether all you did actually leads to a working mail server? Before we do the final steps lets take a break and verify that everything you did so far works as expected.</p>
<p>At this point the /var/vmail directory should be empty or maybe contain an “example.org” directory if you played with the <a href="mailto:john@example.org">john@example.org</a> account previously. You can get a list of all files and directories within by running:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_astro/ec.v4551.css"><script type="module" src="/_astro/ec.0vx5m.js"></script><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">find /var/vmail</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="find /var/vmail"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Although there are not actually any emails on the server yet, you may still get something along the lines of:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/.dovecot.sieve</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/sieve</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/sieve/roundcube.sieve</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/sieve/tmp</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/subscriptions</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/maildirfolder</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/new</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/cur</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/maildirfolder</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/new</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/dovecot.index.log</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/cur</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/dovecot-uidlist</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/tmp</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/dovecot-uidvalidity.5ddc842b</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/tmp</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="/var/vmail/var/vmail/example.org/var/vmail/example.org/john/var/vmail/example.org/john/.dovecot.sieve/var/vmail/example.org/john/sieve/var/vmail/example.org/john/sieve/roundcube.sieve/var/vmail/example.org/john/sieve/tmp/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/subscriptions/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/maildirfolder/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/new/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/cur/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/maildirfolder/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/new/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/dovecot.index.log/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/cur/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/dovecot-uidlist/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/.INBOX.test/tmp/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/dovecot-uidvalidity.5ddc842b/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/tmp"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Basically the schema you see here is /var/vmail/DOMAIN/USER/Maildir/…</p>
<p>Eeach IMAP mail folder has three subdirectories:</p>
<ul>
<li><code dir="auto">new</code> every file here is an email that was stored in this mail folder but not yet read</li>
<li><code dir="auto">cur</code> the same but for email that has been read already</li>
<li><code dir="auto">tmp</code> for temporary files from the mail server</li>
</ul>
<p>Nested folders (folders within folders) will be separated by a dot like this:</p>
<ul>
<li>…/Maildir/new/… the main inbox</li>
<li>…/Maildir/.INBOX.reddit/new/… the “reddit” mail folder below the inbox</li>
<li>…/Maildir/.INBOX.servers.inga/new/… the “servers”/”inga” mail folder below the inbox</li>
</ul>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="check-postfix">Check Postfix</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#check-postfix"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Check Postfix”</span></a></div>
<p>To check for obvious configuration error in Postfix please run:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">postfix check</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="postfix check"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Did you get the error…<br>
<em>error: open database /etc/aliases.db: No such file or directory</em>“? Dont worry. Just run the “newaliases” command to create a new machine-readable file from what aliases were defined in the <code dir="auto">/etc/aliases</code>.</p>
<p>Very likely you will get this error: “<em>postfix/postfix-script: warning: symlink leaves directory: /etc/postfix/./makedefs.out</em>“. That is a <a href="https://bugs.debian.org/926331">harmless bug of the Debian package</a> that can safely be ignored.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="send-a-test-email">Send a test email</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#send-a-test-email"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Send a test email”</span></a></div>
<p>It is time to send a new email into the system. Open a new terminal window and run</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">tail -f /var/log/mail.log</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="tail -f /var/log/mail.log"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>to see what the mail server is doing. Now lets send an email to John. My favorite tool for mail tests is <em>swaks</em> that you installed earlier. In a second terminal run:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">swaks --to john@example.org --server localhost</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="swaks --to john@example.org --server localhost"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>If all works as expected, your mail.log will show a lot of technical information about the email delivery. Let me explain what happens at each stage.</p>
<ul>
<li><code dir="auto">postfix/smtpd[29225]: connect from localhost.localdomain[127.0.0.1]</code><br>
Postfix receives an incoming SMTP connection.</li>
<li><code dir="auto">postfix/smtpd[29225]: 8BA46A0A3A: client=localhost.localdomain[127.0.0.1]</code><br>
Postfix assigns a unique identifier (8BA46A0A3A) to this connection so that you see which log lines belong together. This is especially important with busy mail servers where multiple mails are handled in parallel.</li>
<li><code dir="auto">postfix/cleanup[29233]: 8BA46A0A3A: *message-id=20191126153053.029243@webmail.example.org</code><br>
<em>swaks</em> created a unique <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message-ID">message id</a> to the email which helps you identify specific mails in the log file.</li>
<li><code dir="auto">postfix/qmgr[13667]: 8BA46A0A3A: from=root@webmail.example.org, size=485, nrcpt=1 (queue active)</code><br>
The sender was <a href="mailto:root@webmail.example.org">root@webmail.example.org</a>. This is logged after <em>swaks</em> sent the “MAIL FROM” line during the SMTP dialog.</li>
<li><code dir="auto">postfix/smtpd[29225]: disconnect from localhost.localdomain[127.0.0.1] ehlo=1 mail=1 rcpt=1 data=1 quit=1 commands=5</code><br>
The SMTP communication ends. Postfix has now received and queued the email.</li>
<li><code dir="auto">dovecot: lmtp(29237): Connect from local</code><br>
Postfix connects to Dovecot to hand over the email via the LMTP interface.</li>
<li><code dir="auto">dovecot: lmtp(john@example.org)&#x3C;29237>&#x3C;2PJTIh033V01cgAARGEcaw>: sieve: msgid=20191126153053.029243@webmail.example.org: stored mail into mailbox 'INBOX.test'</code><br>
Dovecot received the email and even evaluated Johns sieve rule which made the email get stored to the test folder of his mailbox.</li>
<li><code dir="auto">dovecot: lmtp(29237): Disconnect from local: Client has quit the connection (state=READY)</code><br>
The LMTP connection between Postfix and Dovecot is closed.</li>
<li><code dir="auto">postfix/lmtp[29236]: 8BA46A0A3A: to=john@example.org, relay=webmail.example.org[private/dovecot-lmtp], delay=0.01, delays=0/0/0/0.01, dsn=2.0.0, status=sent (250 2.0.0 john@example.org 2PJTIh033V01cgAARGEcaw Saved)</code><br>
This is the one of the most interesting lines in your mail log. It tells you what happened with a certain email. In this case it says that it was handed over to <em>dovecot-lmtp</em> and that the delivery was successful (<em>status=sent</em>). The status codes like 2.0.0 are defined in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3463">RFC 3463</a> and work similar to status codes in HTTP. Codes beginning with 2 are good. Those with 4 are temporary errors. And 5 stands for a permanent failure.</li>
</ul>
<p>Your output may look slightly differently. Just focus on the parts that are printed in <strong>bold letters</strong>. If everything worked as expected Postfix has accepted the email and forwarded it to Dovecot which in turn wrote the email in Johns maildir. If you get any errors in the log file then try to understand the error message and find the cause of the problem before you proceed.</p>
<p>Look again:</p>
<p>find /var/vmail</p>
<p>Dovecot has now created a directory structure for John and created a new file:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">[…]</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/new/1515485447.M404984P2636.mail,S=510,W=522</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">[…]</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="/var/vmail/[…]/var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir/new/1515485447.M404984P2636.mail,S=510,W=522[…]"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>The file will have a different name on your system thats okay. It is the only file in the “new” folder.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="accessing-the-email-as-a-file-on-disk">Accessing the email as a file on disk</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#accessing-the-email-as-a-file-on-disk"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Accessing the email as a file on disk”</span></a></div>
<p>The file just contains the email:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">Return-Path: &#x3C;root@mail.example.org></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">Delivered-To: john@example.org</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">Received: from mail.example.org</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53"> </span></span><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">by mail.example.org (Dovecot) with LMTP id iHHHEwd5VFpMCgAA3BOsLQ</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53"> </span></span><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">for &#x3C;john@example.org>; Tue, 09 Jan 2018 09:10:47 +0100</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">Received: by mail.example.org (Postfix, from userid 0)</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span class="indent"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53"> </span></span><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">id 30B4B41A98; Tue, 9 Jan 2018 09:10:47 +0100 (CET)</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">Message-Id: &#x3C;20180109081047.30B4B41A98@mail.example.org></span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2018 09:10:47 +0100 (CET)</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">From: root@mail.example.org (root)</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code">
</div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">Di 9. Jan 09:10:47 CET 2018</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="Return-Path: <root@mail.example.org>Delivered-To: john@example.orgReceived: from mail.example.org by mail.example.org (Dovecot) with LMTP id iHHHEwd5VFpMCgAA3BOsLQ for <john@example.org>; Tue, 09 Jan 2018 09:10:47 +0100Received: by mail.example.org (Postfix, from userid 0) id 30B4B41A98; Tue, 9 Jan 2018 09:10:47 +0100 (CET)Message-Id: <20180109081047.30B4B41A98@mail.example.org>Date: Tue, 9 Jan 2018 09:10:47 +0100 (CET)From: root@mail.example.org (root)Di 9. Jan 09:10:47 CET 2018"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>The advantage of this is that backups are easy and you can even restore single files if a user has accidentally removed an email.</p>
<p>If anything went wrong then carefully check the last lines of your /var/log/mail.log. It will very likely point you to the problem. Or read the troubleshooting section. Or just add a comment to this page and ask other readers for help.</p>
<p>You can also use a slightly more comfortable tool to access Maildirs that will come handy for you as a mail server administrator: “mutt”.</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">mutt -f /var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="mutt -f /var/vmail/example.org/john/Maildir"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>(You may get asked to create /root/Mail this is standard procedure. Just press Enter.)</p>
<p>What you see now are the contents of Johns mailbox:</p>
<p><img src="/_astro/testing-email-delivery-mutt-one-email.j1wHExqE_Z2kGLUj.webp" alt="Mutt showing an email in the inbox" loading="lazy" decoding="async" fetchpriority="auto" width="699" height="274"></p>
<p>Using <em>mutt</em> is a nice way to check mailboxes while you are logged in to the mail server.</p>
<p>To reiterate what happens when you receive an email:</p>
<ol>
<li>Postfix receives the email (using the “swaks” command in this example but usually through the network using the SMTP protocol from other servers)</li>
<li>Postfix asks Dovecot if the user is over quota</li>
<li>Postfix talks to Dovecot via LMTP and hands over the email</li>
<li>Dovecot runs through the users Sieve rules</li>
<li>Dovecot writes the email file to disk</li>
</ol>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="accessing-the-email-via-imap-roundcube">Accessing the email via IMAP (Roundcube)</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#accessing-the-email-via-imap-roundcube"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Accessing the email via IMAP (Roundcube)”</span></a></div>
<p>Now that the email has been delivered you can talk to Dovecot using the IMAP protocol to retrieve your email again. Are you still logged in via the Roundcube webmail interface? Then just reload and you will see the email:</p>
<p><img src="/_astro/testing-email-delivery-roundcube-one-email.e2rvRGU4_LgfWT.webp" alt="Roundcube showing an email in the inbox" loading="lazy" decoding="async" fetchpriority="auto" width="1024" height="261"></p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="access-the-email-through-imap-desktop-client">Access the email through IMAP (desktop client)</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#access-the-email-through-imap-desktop-client"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Access the email through IMAP (desktop client)”</span></a></div>
<p>Your users are not likely to use “mutt” to read their email unless they are immortal console nerds. So of course you can use a graphical mail client to access Johns emails. If you use Thunderbird, Evolution, Apple Mail or some other IMAP client then feel free to configure a new IMAP account and connect to the server. Remember that the user name and email address are both <code dir="auto">john@example.org</code> and the password is “summersun”.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="pop3-versus-imap">POP3 versus IMAP</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#pop3-versus-imap"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “POP3 versus IMAP”</span></a></div>
<p>Aside from talking IMAP Dovecot also knows how to speak POP3. But lets face it POP3 is dead. I do not even offer it to my users any more. But as your users may ask lets quickly review the differences of the two protocols:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>POP3</em> (Post Office Protocol) is a simple protocol that lets you fetch email from a single mailbox. You cant create multiple folders on the server to organize your mails. It saves space on the mail server because the email usually gets moved to the users hard disk on their computer. This variant is pretty antiquated.</li>
<li><em>IMAP</em> (Internet Messaging Application Protocol) is predominantly focused upon leaving your mail on the server. The inbox is where your incoming emails are stored but users can also maintain folders and move emails to them. But users can move emails to different sub-folders. IMAP is useful when you want to access your email from different locations without losing mail because you fetched it from another location. The drawback is that lazy users leave their mail on the server thus filling up your servers hard disk for which quotas are a good solution.</li>
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