ispmail-workaround-org/dist/ispmail-trixie/postfix/index.html
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</script> <ul class="top-level astro-3ii7xxms"> <li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <details open class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <sl-sidebar-restore data-index="0"></sl-sidebar-restore> <summary class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="group-label astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="large astro-3ii7xxms">ISPmail for Debian 13</span> </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="caret astro-3ii7xxms astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.25rem;"><path d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></svg> </summary> <ul class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Start here</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/upgrading/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Upgrading from Debian Bookworm</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/install-debian/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Installing Debian</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/install-the-software-packages/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Install software packages</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/virtual-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Virtual domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/database/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Database setup</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/overview/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Big picture</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/dns-records/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">DNS records</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/tls-certificate/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">TLS certificate</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/postfix/" aria-current="page" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Postfix</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/dovecot/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Dovecot</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/lmtp/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">LMTP</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/webmail/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Webmail using Roundcube</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/relaying/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Sending / Relaying</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/imap/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">IMAP</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/managing-users-aliases-and-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Managing users, aliases and domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/catching-spam-with-rspamd/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catching spam with rspamd</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/anti-spoofing-dkim-spf/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Prevent spoofing using DKIM and SPF</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/catch-all/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catch-all addresses</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/quotas/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Quotas</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/going-live/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Going live</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/automated-installation/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Automated installation</span> </a> </li> </ul> </details> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <details open class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <sl-sidebar-restore data-index="1"></sl-sidebar-restore> <summary class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="group-label astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="large astro-3ii7xxms">ISPmail for Debian 12</span> </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="caret astro-3ii7xxms astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.25rem;"><path d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></svg> </summary> <ul class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Start here</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/whats-new/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">What&#39;s new</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/migrating-from-a-bullseye-to-a-bookworm-server/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Migrating from your old (Bullseye) server</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/big-picture/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">The big picture</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/types-of-email-domains/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Types of email domains</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/install-debian-bookworm-on-your-server/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Installing Debian</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/install-the-software-packages/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Install software packages</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/creating-a-tls-encryption-key-and-certificate/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">TLS certificate</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/prepare-the-database/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Preparing the database</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/making-postfix-get-its-information-from-the-mariadb-database/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Let Postfix access MariaDB</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/catchall-aliases/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Catch-all aliases</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/setting-up-dovecot/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Setting up Dovecot</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/let-postfix-send-emails-to-dovecot/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Let Postfix send emails to Dovecot</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/quotas/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Quotas</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/testing-imap/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Testing IMAP</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/webmail-using-roundcube/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Webmail using Roundcube</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/testing-email-delivery/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Testing email delivery</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/relaying-outgoing-emails-through-postfix/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span class="astro-3ii7xxms">Relaying outgoing emails through Postfix</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <a href="/ispmail-bookworm/catching-spam-with-rspamd/" aria-current="false" class="astro-3ii7xxms"> <span 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class="astro-g2bywc46" style="--depth: 1;"> <span class="astro-g2bywc46" style="--depth: 1;">Virtual Aliases</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-g2bywc46" style="--depth: 1;"> <a href="#virtual-mailboxes" class="astro-g2bywc46" style="--depth: 1;"> <span class="astro-g2bywc46" style="--depth: 1;">Virtual Mailboxes</span> </a> </li><li class="astro-g2bywc46" style="--depth: 1;"> <a href="#tell-postfix" class="astro-g2bywc46" style="--depth: 1;"> <span class="astro-g2bywc46" style="--depth: 1;">Tell Postfix</span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav></starlight-toc><script type="module" src="/_astro/TableOfContents.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.CKWWgpjV.js"></script></div></div> </div> </aside> <div class="main-pane astro-67yu43on"> <main data-pagefind-body class="astro-bguv2lll" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="content-panel astro-7nkwcw3z"> <div class="sl-container astro-7nkwcw3z"> <h1 id="_top" class="astro-j6tvhyss">Postfix</h1> </div> </div> <div class="content-panel astro-7nkwcw3z"> <div class="sl-container astro-7nkwcw3z"> <div class="sl-markdown-content"> <div class="step-box astro-qx6puev2"> <div class="step-title astro-qx6puev2">Todo list for receiving emails</div> <ol class="steps astro-qx6puev2"> <li class="step astro-qx6puev2"> <div class="circle done astro-qx6puev2"> 1 </div> <p class="label astro-qx6puev2">DNS records point to your server</p> </li><li class="step astro-qx6puev2"> <div class="circle done astro-qx6puev2"> 2 </div> <p class="label astro-qx6puev2">Get a certificate from Let&#39;s Encrypt</p> </li><li class="step astro-qx6puev2"> <div class="circle current astro-qx6puev2"> 3 </div> <p class="label astro-qx6puev2">Postfix fetches information from MariaDB</p> </li><li class="step astro-qx6puev2"> <div class="circle todo astro-qx6puev2"> 4 </div> <p class="label astro-qx6puev2">Dovecot fetches information from MariaDB</p> </li><li class="step astro-qx6puev2"> <div class="circle todo astro-qx6puev2"> 5 </div> <p class="label astro-qx6puev2">Postfix hands over emails to Dovecot</p> </li><li class="step astro-qx6puev2"> <div class="circle todo astro-qx6puev2"> 6 </div> <p class="label astro-qx6puev2">Dovecot saves the email to disk</p> </li> </ol> </div>
<p>Now that other mail servers can locate your mail server, the next step is to make sure it can receive and process
incoming emails. This task is handled by Postfix, which communicates using the SMTP protocol.</p>
<p>Postfix knows if an email address is valid by checking for…</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Virtual Domains</strong> (am I responsible for this domain?)</li>
<li><strong>Virtual Aliases</strong> (do I have to redirect this address to another address?)</li>
<li><strong>Virtual Mailboxes</strong> (do I have a valid mailbox to store the email to?)</li>
</ul>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h3"><h3 id="virtual-domains">Virtual Domains</h3><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#virtual-domains"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Virtual Domains”</span></a></div>
<p>There are different ways for Postfix to get that information. From text files, LDAP, MongoDB or PostgreSQL. Or via
MariaDB which is what we will use. But whatever kind of data source you configure, Postfix needs the information as a
<em>mapping</em>. Consider it as a <em>question</em> and an <em>answer</em>.</p>
<ul>
<li>Question: is <code dir="auto">example.org</code> one of our virtual domains?</li>
<li>Answer: yes</li>
</ul>
<p>If the information is <strong>not</strong> available you just get no answer:</p>
<ul>
<li>Question: is <code dir="auto">example.net</code> one of our virtual domains?</li>
<li>Answer: <em>(no answer)</em></li>
</ul>
<p>In SQL language Postfix has to ask MariaDB the question:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_astro/ec.v4551.css"><script type="module" src="/_astro/ec.0vx5m.js"></script><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="sql"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">SELECT</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">"</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">yes</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">"</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">FROM</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> virtual_domains </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">WHERE</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#C792EA;--1:#8844AE">name=</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#984E4D">example.net</span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">'</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53">;</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="SELECT &#x22;yes&#x22; FROM virtual_domains WHERE name=&#x27;example.net&#x27;;"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Run the following code in your shell to create a configuration file creating that mapping:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame is-terminal has-title not-content"><figcaption class="header"><span class="title">Run this on your server</span></figcaption><pre data-language="sh"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">cat</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#7FDBCA;--1:#096E72">></span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-domains.cf</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#7FDBCA;--1:#096E72">&#x3C;&#x3C;</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">EOF</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">user = mailserver</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">password = MAILSERVER-PASSWORD-HERE</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">hosts = 127.0.0.1</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">dbname = mailserver</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">query = SELECT 1 FROM virtual_domains WHERE name='%s'</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">EOF</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="cat > /etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-domains.cf << EOFuser = mailserverpassword = MAILSERVER-PASSWORD-HEREhosts = 127.0.0.1dbname = mailserverquery = SELECT 1 FROM virtual_domains WHERE name=&#x27;%s&#x27;EOF"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>This has created a configuration file called <code dir="auto">/etc/postfix/virtual-mailbox-domains.cf</code>. The <code dir="auto">user</code>, <code dir="auto">password</code>, <code dir="auto">hosts</code>
and <code dir="auto">dbname</code> definitions tell Postfix how to connect to the database. And the <code dir="auto">query</code> asks the <em>question</em> if a certain
domain is present in the database table <code dir="auto">virtual_domains</code>. Using <code dir="auto">SELECT 1</code> we return just the number 1 if such an entry
was found. In fact it does not matter what we return. Any <em>answer</em> is fine.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h3"><h3 id="virtual-aliases">Virtual Aliases</h3><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#virtual-aliases"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Virtual Aliases”</span></a></div>
<p>Now lets deal with aliases. As shown earlier an alias redirects an email to another email address. So the <em>question</em>
and <em>answer</em> game goes like this:</p>
<ul>
<li>Question: is there an alias for <code dir="auto">jack@example.org</code>?</li>
<li>Answer: <code dir="auto">john@example.org</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Postfix would then check if there are further aliases:</p>
<ul>
<li>Question: is there an alias for <code dir="auto">john@example.org</code>?</li>
<li>Answer: <em>(no answer)</em></li>
</ul>
<p>Apparently, there arent any more. So the email will go to <code dir="auto">john@example.org</code>.</p>
<p>Run this code to create the appropriate mapping file:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame is-terminal has-title not-content"><figcaption class="header"><span class="title">Run this on your server</span></figcaption><pre data-language="sh"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">cat</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#7FDBCA;--1:#096E72">></span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-alias-maps.cf</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#7FDBCA;--1:#096E72">&#x3C;&#x3C;</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">EOF</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">user = mailserver</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">password = MAILSERVER-PASSWORD-HERE</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">hosts = 127.0.0.1</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">dbname = mailserver</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">query = SELECT destination FROM virtual_aliases WHERE source='%s'</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">EOF</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="cat > /etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-alias-maps.cf << EOFuser = mailserverpassword = MAILSERVER-PASSWORD-HEREhosts = 127.0.0.1dbname = mailserverquery = SELECT destination FROM virtual_aliases WHERE source=&#x27;%s&#x27;EOF"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>The query now gets all the <code dir="auto">destination</code> email addresses from the database for a certain <code dir="auto">source</code> email address.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h3"><h3 id="virtual-mailboxes">Virtual Mailboxes</h3><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#virtual-mailboxes"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Virtual Mailboxes”</span></a></div>
<p>The last mapping we need is a query to find valid mailboxes. Without further ado:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame is-terminal has-title not-content"><figcaption class="header"><span class="title">Run this on your server</span></figcaption><pre data-language="sh"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">cat</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#7FDBCA;--1:#096E72">></span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#7FDBCA;--1:#096E72">&#x3C;&#x3C;</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">EOF</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">user = mailserver</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">password = MAILSERVER-PASSWORD-HERE</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">hosts = 127.0.0.1</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">dbname = mailserver</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">query = SELECT 1 FROM virtual_users WHERE email='%s'</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#D9F5DD;--1:#111111">EOF</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="cat > /etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf << EOFuser = mailserverpassword = MAILSERVER-PASSWORD-HEREhosts = 127.0.0.1dbname = mailserverquery = SELECT 1 FROM virtual_users WHERE email=&#x27;%s&#x27;EOF"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Just the same story as with virtual domains. The database returns <code dir="auto">1</code> if there is a <code dir="auto">virtual_users</code> record matching that
specific email address.</p>
<p>Actually the <em>answer</em> is usually not <code dir="auto">1</code> but the path to the mailbox on disk. But that applies only if Postfix would be
saving the email to disk on its own. In our setup the email will be passed on to Dovecot in a later step. Dovecot will
then handle the files on disk. Postfix just has to know is whether a mailbox exists. And thats why <em>any</em> answer is
sufficient here.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h3"><h3 id="tell-postfix">Tell Postfix</h3><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#tell-postfix"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentcolor" d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42Zm8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33ZM8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 1.1.22 1 1 0 0 0 .32-.22l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42Z"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only">Section titled “Tell Postfix”</span></a></div>
<p>You have created the config files for the three mappings. Now you just need to tell Postfix to use them:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame is-terminal has-title not-content"><figcaption class="header"><span class="title">Run this on your server</span></figcaption><pre data-language="sh"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">postconf</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">virtual_mailbox_domains=mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-domains.cf</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">postconf</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">virtual_mailbox_maps=mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">postconf</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">virtual_alias_maps=mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-alias-maps.cf</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code">
</div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">chown</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">root:postfix</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">/etc/postfix/mariadb-</span><span style="--0:#7FDBCA;--1:#096E72">*</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">.cf</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">chmod</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">o=</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">/etc/postfix/mariadb-</span><span style="--0:#7FDBCA;--1:#096E72">*</span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">.cf</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="postconf virtual_mailbox_domains=mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-domains.cfpostconf virtual_mailbox_maps=mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-maps.cfpostconf virtual_alias_maps=mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-alias-maps.cfchown root:postfix /etc/postfix/mariadb-*.cfchmod o= /etc/postfix/mariadb-*.cf"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p><code dir="auto">postconf</code> is a command that changes configuration in <code dir="auto">/etc/postfix/main.cf</code> and applies them instantly. You dont have
to restart Postfix.</p>
<p>The last two lines set the owner of the config files (<em>user=root, group=postfix</em>) and make sure that <em>others</em> have no
access. After all a database password is found in these files.</p>
<aside aria-label="Test it" class="starlight-aside starlight-aside--note"> <p class="starlight-aside__title" aria-hidden="true"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="starlight-aside__icon astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1em;"><path d="m14.72 8.79-4.29 4.3-1.65-1.65a1 1 0 1 0-1.41 1.41l2.35 2.36a1 1 0 0 0 1.41 0l5-5a1.002 1.002 0 1 0-1.41-1.42ZM12 2a10 10 0 1 0 0 20 10 10 0 0 0 0-20Zm0 18a8 8 0 1 1 0-16.001A8 8 0 0 1 12 20Z"/></svg>Test it </p> <div class="starlight-aside__content"> <p>Give the mappings a quick test using the <code dir="auto">postmap -q</code> command (<em>q</em> stands for <em>query</em>):</p><div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame is-terminal has-title not-content"><figcaption class="header"><span class="title">Run this on your server</span></figcaption><pre data-language="sh"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">postmap</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">-q</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">example.org</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-domains.cf</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">postmap</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">-q</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">jack@example.org</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-alias-maps.cf</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">postmap</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#82AAFF;--1:#3B61B0">-q</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">john@example.org</span><span style="--0:#D6DEEB;--1:#403F53"> </span><span style="--0:#ECC48D;--1:#3B61B0">mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="postmap -q example.org mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-domains.cfpostmap -q jack@example.org mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-alias-maps.cfpostmap -q john@example.org mysql:/etc/postfix/mariadb-virtual-mailbox-maps.cf"><div></div></button></div></figure></div><p>These three commands use the three mapping files (<code dir="auto">*.cf</code>) to query your three database tables. The result should show:</p><div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">1</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">john@example.org</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">1</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="1john@example.org1"><div></div></button></div></figure></div><p>If you get anything else, please check those three config files again.</p> </div> </aside> </div> <footer> <footer class="sl-flex astro-3yyafb3n"> <div class="meta sl-flex astro-3yyafb3n"> <p>Last updated: <time datetime="2025-11-01T00:00:00.000Z">Nov 1, 2025</time></p> </div> <div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-u2l5gyhi" dir="ltr"> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/tls-certificate/" rel="prev" class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-u2l5gyhi astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg> <span class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> Previous <br class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> <span class="link-title astro-u2l5gyhi">TLS certificate</span> </span> </a> <a href="/ispmail-trixie/dovecot/" rel="next" class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-u2l5gyhi astro-c6vsoqas" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg> <span class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> Next <br class="astro-u2l5gyhi"> <span class="link-title astro-u2l5gyhi">Dovecot</span> </span> </a> </div> </footer> <script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script>
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