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article/updating-the-bios-on-lenovo-laptops-from-linux-using-a-usb-flash-stick/index.html
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@ -94,4 +94,4 @@ The “sdb” tells you that your USB stick is available on /dev/sdb. Don’t ju
<li>Select the USB stick.</li>
<li>Make sure your laptop has its power supply plugged in. (It will refuse to update otherwise.)</li>
<li>Follow the instructions.</li>
</ol></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/faq-frequently-asked-questions/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">FAQ (frequently asked questions)</span></span></a><a href="/bacula-cheatsheet/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Bareos/Bacula Cheat Sheet</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
</ol></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/faq-frequently-asked-questions/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">FAQ (frequently asked questions)</span></span></a><a href="/bacula-cheatsheet/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Bareos/Bacula Cheat Sheet</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

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bacula-cheatsheet/index.html
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@ -170,4 +170,4 @@
<ul>
<li>Using a rare Full backup and rely on many intermediate Incremental backups. If any of the many Incremental backups were faulty you would lose all data back to that time.</li>
<li>Losing the Full backup and only keeping Incremental backups. This may occur if the retention periods are not adequately configured for Full backups.</li>
</ul></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/article/updating-the-bios-on-lenovo-laptops-from-linux-using-a-usb-flash-stick/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Updating the BIOS on Lenovo laptops from Linux using a USB flash stick</span></span></a><a href="/debian-packages-are-so-old/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Debian packages are so old</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
</ul></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/article/updating-the-bios-on-lenovo-laptops-from-linux-using-a-usb-flash-stick/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Updating the BIOS on Lenovo laptops from Linux using a USB flash stick</span></span></a><a href="/debian-packages-are-so-old/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Debian packages are so old</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

2
debian-packages-are-so-old/index.html
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@ -104,4 +104,4 @@
<li>files of third-party software should go to /opt but quite often they are scattered in the wrong places</li>
<li>expired APT keys because the developers didn’t care about expiry dates</li>
</ul>
<p>However not all is bad. Some third-party packages are very good. Your mileage may vary though.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/bacula-cheatsheet/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Bareos/Bacula Cheat Sheet</span></span></a><a href="/getting-help-on-irc/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Getting help on IRC</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
<p>However not all is bad. Some third-party packages are very good. Your mileage may vary though.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/bacula-cheatsheet/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Bareos/Bacula Cheat Sheet</span></span></a><a href="/getting-help-on-irc/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Getting help on IRC</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

2
getting-help-on-irc/index.html
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@ -123,4 +123,4 @@ Has it ever worked? What did you change? (I switched accounts to a new provider.
<p>See also:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html">http://www.catb.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.html</a></li>
</ul></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/debian-packages-are-so-old/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Debian packages are so old</span></span></a><a href="/linux/renaming-multiple-files/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Renaming multiple files</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
</ul></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/debian-packages-are-so-old/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Debian packages are so old</span></span></a><a href="/linux/renaming-multiple-files/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Renaming multiple files</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

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index.html
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ispmail-bookworm/automatic-installation-with-ansible/index.html
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@ -77,4 +77,4 @@
</script></div></div></div></div></nav><div class="main-frame astro-gqpr5s5a"><script type="module">var e=document.getElementById(`starlight__sidebar`),t=e?.querySelector(`sl-sidebar-state-persist`),n=`sl-sidebar-state`,r=()=>{let r=[],i=t?.dataset.hash||``;try{let e=sessionStorage.getItem(n),t=JSON.parse(e||`{}`);Array.isArray(t.open)&&t.hash===i&&(r=t.open)}catch{}return{hash:i,open:r,scroll:e?.scrollTop||0}},i=e=>{try{sessionStorage.setItem(n,JSON.stringify(e))}catch{}},a=()=>i(r()),o=(e,t)=>{let n=r();n.open[t]=e,i(n)};t?.addEventListener(`click`,e=>{if(!(e.target instanceof Element))return;let t=e.target.closest(`summary`)?.closest(`details`);if(!t)return;let n=t.querySelector(`sl-sidebar-restore`),r=parseInt(n?.dataset.index||``);isNaN(r)||o(!t.open,r)}),addEventListener(`visibilitychange`,()=>{document.visibilityState===`hidden`&&a()}),addEventListener(`pageHide`,a);</script><div class="lg:sl-flex astro-abfeecmu"><aside class="right-sidebar-container print:hidden astro-abfeecmu"><div class="right-sidebar astro-abfeecmu"><div class="lg:sl-hidden astro-q5mffni3"><mobile-starlight-toc data-min-h="2" data-max-h="3" class="astro-5ulgm6bh"><nav aria-labelledby="starlight__on-this-page--mobile" class="astro-5ulgm6bh"><details id="starlight__mobile-toc" class="astro-5ulgm6bh"><summary id="starlight__on-this-page--mobile" class="sl-flex astro-5ulgm6bh"><span class="toggle sl-flex astro-5ulgm6bh">On this page<svg aria-hidden="true" class="caret astro-5ulgm6bh astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1rem;"><path d="m14.83 11.29-4.24-4.24a1 1 0 1 0-1.42 1.41L12.71 12l-3.54 3.54a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.41 1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.24-4.24a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 0-1.42Z"/></svg></span><span class="display-current astro-5ulgm6bh"></span></summary><div class="dropdown astro-5ulgm6bh"><ul class="isMobile astro-cxyftcne" style="--depth: 0;"><li style="--depth: 0;" class="astro-cxyftcne"><a href="#_top" style="--depth: 0;" class="astro-cxyftcne"><span style="--depth: 0;" class="astro-cxyftcne">Overview</span></a></li></ul></div></details></nav></mobile-starlight-toc><script type="module" src="/_astro/MobileTableOfContents.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.BcSo_yiZ.js"></script></div><div class="right-sidebar-panel sl-hidden lg:sl-block astro-q5mffni3"><div class="sl-container astro-q5mffni3"><starlight-toc data-min-h="2" data-max-h="3"><nav aria-labelledby="starlight__on-this-page"><h2 id="starlight__on-this-page">On this page</h2><ul class="astro-cxyftcne" style="--depth: 0;"><li style="--depth: 0;" class="astro-cxyftcne"><a href="#_top" style="--depth: 0;" class="astro-cxyftcne"><span style="--depth: 0;" class="astro-cxyftcne">Overview</span></a></li></ul></nav></starlight-toc><script type="module" src="/_astro/TableOfContents.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.Csloo1VZ.js"></script></div></div></div></aside><div class="main-pane astro-abfeecmu"><main data-pagefind-body class="astro-vdxcvpsm" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section style="background-color: #ffefef; padding: 1rem; border: 1px solid #f00; text-align: center;" class="astro-uljtwisc">⚠️ This page is part of the ISPmail guide for Debian Bookworm. Please use the newer guide for <a href="/ispmail-trixie/" class="astro-uljtwisc">Debian Trixie</a>.</section><div class="content-panel astro-oil7k7jf"><div class="sl-container astro-oil7k7jf"><h1 id="_top" class="astro-2sm4b3ln">Automatic installation with Ansible</h1></div></div><div class="content-panel astro-oil7k7jf"><div class="sl-container astro-oil7k7jf"><div class="sl-markdown-content"><p>If you want to set up multiple mail servers then automation is your friend. Nowadays <a href="https://docs.ansible.com/">Ansible</a> is commonly used for that purpose. If you are dealing with system administration you should have such a tool in your toolbox.</p>
<p>I have created an <a href="https://github.com/Signum/ispmail-bookworm-ansible">Ansible playbook on Github</a> that you can download and use. Using it is pretty simple:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_astro/ec.v4551.css"><script type="module" src="/_astro/ec.0vx5m.js"></script><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">apt install ansible git</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">git clone https://github.com/Signum/ispmail-bookworm-ansible.git</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">cd ispmail-bookworm-ansible/ansible</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">ansible-playbook ispmail.yml -c local</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="apt install ansible gitgit clone https://github.com/Signum/ispmail-bookworm-ansible.gitcd ispmail-bookworm-ansible/ansibleansible-playbook ispmail.yml -c local"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Please follow the hints in the README.md within the repository.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/monitoring-and-backup/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Monitoring and Backup</span></span></a><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/success-stories/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Success stories</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
<p>Please follow the hints in the README.md within the repository.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/monitoring-and-backup/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Monitoring and Backup</span></span></a><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/success-stories/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Success stories</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

2
ispmail-bookworm/faq-frequently-asked-questions/index.html
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@ -121,4 +121,4 @@ Everything here has been generated using open-source software and is not using a
interest quickly and regret your offer. The guide is huge. It may not appear like much but once you start typing you
realize just how many months of work went into it. Even translating will take 1-2 weeks of your time. And after that
someone would have to maintain both the original version and your translation. We tried that a couple of times and it
did not turn out well.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/success-stories/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Success stories</span></span></a><a href="/article/updating-the-bios-on-lenovo-laptops-from-linux-using-a-usb-flash-stick/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Updating the BIOS on Lenovo laptops from Linux using a USB flash stick</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
did not turn out well.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/success-stories/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Success stories</span></span></a><a href="/article/updating-the-bios-on-lenovo-laptops-from-linux-using-a-usb-flash-stick/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Updating the BIOS on Lenovo laptops from Linux using a USB flash stick</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

2
ispmail-bookworm/managing-users-aliases-and-domains/index.html
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@ -99,4 +99,4 @@ Demo: <a href="http://ima.jungclaussen.com/demo/">http://ima.jungclaussen.com/de
<p><img src="/_astro/managing-ima.CUdNEzFs_1QP22j.webp" alt="ISPmail Admin screenshot" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="747" height="604"></p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h3"><h3 id="ispmail-userctl">ispmail-userctl</h3><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#ispmail-userctl"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42m8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42 1 1 0 0 0 1.42 0l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33M8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only" data-pagefind-ignore>Section titled “ispmail-userctl”</span></a></div>
<p>Christian G. has created a text-based program to help you manage your mail accounts. You may like it if you just want a little help adding accounts and setting passwords but not provide a full blown web interface.</p>
<p>You can find his <a href="https://github.com/cgzones/ispmail-userctl">Python script at Github</a>.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/prevent-spoofing-using-dkim/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Prevent spoofing using DKIM</span></span></a><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/monitoring-and-backup/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Monitoring and Backup</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
<p>You can find his <a href="https://github.com/cgzones/ispmail-userctl">Python script at Github</a>.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/prevent-spoofing-using-dkim/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Prevent spoofing using DKIM</span></span></a><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/monitoring-and-backup/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Monitoring and Backup</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

2
ispmail-bookworm/monitoring-and-backup/index.html
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@ -113,4 +113,4 @@
<p>…daily to get a proper database backup that can be restored later.</p>
<p>I also like to backup the output of these files because they help me figure out the specific layout of a server:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">fdisk -l</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">lshw</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">lsb_release -a</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">dpkg --get-selections</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="fdisk -llshwlsb_release -adpkg --get-selections"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>If one of your users just accidentally deleted an email and wants it back then simply get the files from /var/vmail/domain/user/Maildir/… from the backup and put them into the original location. Dovecot will handle everything else. You don’t need to restart anything.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/managing-users-aliases-and-domains/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Managing users, aliases and domains</span></span></a><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/automatic-installation-with-ansible/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Automatic installation with Ansible</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
<p>If one of your users just accidentally deleted an email and wants it back then simply get the files from /var/vmail/domain/user/Maildir/… from the backup and put them into the original location. Dovecot will handle everything else. You don’t need to restart anything.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/managing-users-aliases-and-domains/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Managing users, aliases and domains</span></span></a><a href="/ispmail-bookworm/automatic-installation-with-ansible/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Automatic installation with Ansible</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

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it helps to get a better understanding of the steps involved in receiving email. We will prepare the necessary
configuration in the next chapters.</p>
<p>Use the arrows to navigate between slides:</p>
<astro-splide data-splideid="astro-splide-6zowh2yd0" data-options="{}"><div id="astro-splide-6zowh2yd0" class="splide"><div class="splide__track"><ul class="splide__list"> <li class="splide__slide" key="1"><img src="/big-picture-receive/01.svg" alt="Slide 1"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="2"><img src="/big-picture-receive/02.svg" alt="Slide 2"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="3"><img src="/big-picture-receive/03.svg" alt="Slide 3"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="4"><img src="/big-picture-receive/04.svg" alt="Slide 4"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="5"><img src="/big-picture-receive/05.svg" alt="Slide 5"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="6"><img src="/big-picture-receive/06.svg" alt="Slide 6"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="7"><img src="/big-picture-receive/07.svg" alt="Slide 7"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="8"><img src="/big-picture-receive/08.svg" alt="Slide 8"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="9"><img src="/big-picture-receive/09.svg" alt="Slide 9"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="10"><img src="/big-picture-receive/10.svg" alt="Slide 10"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="11"><img src="/big-picture-receive/11.svg" alt="Slide 11"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="12"><img src="/big-picture-receive/12.svg" alt="Slide 12"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="13"><img src="/big-picture-receive/13.svg" alt="Slide 13"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="14"><img src="/big-picture-receive/14.svg" alt="Slide 14"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="15"><img src="/big-picture-receive/15.svg" alt="Slide 15"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="16"><img src="/big-picture-receive/16.svg" alt="Slide 16"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="17"><img src="/big-picture-receive/17.svg" alt="Slide 17"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="18"><img src="/big-picture-receive/18.svg" alt="Slide 18"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="19"><img src="/big-picture-receive/19.svg" alt="Slide 19"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="20"><img src="/big-picture-receive/20.svg" alt="Slide 20"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="21"><img src="/big-picture-receive/21.svg" alt="Slide 21"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="22"><img src="/big-picture-receive/22.svg" alt="Slide 22"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="23"><img src="/big-picture-receive/23.svg" alt="Slide 23"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="24"><img src="/big-picture-receive/24.svg" alt="Slide 24"/></li> </ul></div></div></astro-splide><script type="module" src="/_astro/Splide.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.DkIk0FXZ.js"></script></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2025-11-01T00:00:00.000Z">Nov 1, 2025</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-trixie/database/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Database setup</span></span></a><a href="/ispmail-trixie/dns-records/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">DNS records</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
<astro-splide data-splideid="astro-splide-yy7gm99nl" data-options="{}"><div id="astro-splide-yy7gm99nl" class="splide"><div class="splide__track"><ul class="splide__list"> <li class="splide__slide" key="1"><img src="/big-picture-receive/01.svg" alt="Slide 1"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="2"><img src="/big-picture-receive/02.svg" alt="Slide 2"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="3"><img src="/big-picture-receive/03.svg" alt="Slide 3"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="4"><img src="/big-picture-receive/04.svg" alt="Slide 4"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="5"><img src="/big-picture-receive/05.svg" alt="Slide 5"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="6"><img src="/big-picture-receive/06.svg" alt="Slide 6"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="7"><img src="/big-picture-receive/07.svg" alt="Slide 7"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="8"><img src="/big-picture-receive/08.svg" alt="Slide 8"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="9"><img src="/big-picture-receive/09.svg" alt="Slide 9"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="10"><img src="/big-picture-receive/10.svg" alt="Slide 10"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="11"><img src="/big-picture-receive/11.svg" alt="Slide 11"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="12"><img src="/big-picture-receive/12.svg" alt="Slide 12"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="13"><img src="/big-picture-receive/13.svg" alt="Slide 13"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="14"><img src="/big-picture-receive/14.svg" alt="Slide 14"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="15"><img src="/big-picture-receive/15.svg" alt="Slide 15"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="16"><img src="/big-picture-receive/16.svg" alt="Slide 16"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="17"><img src="/big-picture-receive/17.svg" alt="Slide 17"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="18"><img src="/big-picture-receive/18.svg" alt="Slide 18"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="19"><img src="/big-picture-receive/19.svg" alt="Slide 19"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="20"><img src="/big-picture-receive/20.svg" alt="Slide 20"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="21"><img src="/big-picture-receive/21.svg" alt="Slide 21"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="22"><img src="/big-picture-receive/22.svg" alt="Slide 22"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="23"><img src="/big-picture-receive/23.svg" alt="Slide 23"/></li><li class="splide__slide" key="24"><img src="/big-picture-receive/24.svg" alt="Slide 24"/></li> </ul></div></div></astro-splide><script type="module" src="/_astro/Splide.astro_astro_type_script_index_0_lang.DkIk0FXZ.js"></script></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2025-11-01T00:00:00.000Z">Nov 1, 2025</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/ispmail-trixie/database/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Database setup</span></span></a><a href="/ispmail-trixie/dns-records/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">DNS records</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

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<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">rename 'tr/a-zA-Z//s' *</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="rename &#x27;tr/a-zA-Z//s&#x27; *"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>Or you have many JPEG files that look like “img0000154.jpg” but you want the first five zeros removed as you don’t need them:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">rename 's/img00000/img/' *.jpg</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="rename &#x27;s/img00000/img/&#x27; *.jpg"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>In fact you can use any Perl operator as an argument. The actual documentation for the ‘s’ and ‘y’/’tr’ operators are found in the ‘perlop’ manpage.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/getting-help-on-irc/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Getting help on IRC</span></span></a><a href="/linuxtip/pipes/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Pipes and redirection</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
<p>In fact you can use any Perl operator as an argument. The actual documentation for the ‘s’ and ‘y’/’tr’ operators are found in the ‘perlop’ manpage.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/getting-help-on-irc/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Getting help on IRC</span></span></a><a href="/linuxtip/pipes/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Pipes and redirection</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

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linuxtip/pipes/index.html
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@ -145,4 +145,4 @@ Useful at the end of a pipe. Allows you to browse through the output one page at
Shows the first ten lines only. “head -50” shows the first 50 lines.</li>
<li>tail<br>
Shows the last ten lines only. “tail -50” shows the last 50 lines. “tail -f” follows a certain file.</li>
</ul></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/linux/renaming-multiple-files/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Renaming multiple files</span></span></a><a href="/rsnapshot-and-usb-drives/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Backups with rsnaphot to external USB drives</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
</ul></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/linux/renaming-multiple-files/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Renaming multiple files</span></span></a><a href="/rsnapshot-and-usb-drives/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Backups with rsnaphot to external USB drives</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

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{"version":"1.5.2","languages":{"en":{"hash":"en_e4a5bf745c","wasm":"en","page_count":59}},"include_characters":["_","‿","⁀","⁔","︳","︴","﹍","﹎","﹏","＿"]}
{"version":"1.5.2","languages":{"en":{"hash":"en_1c3acd3b8c","wasm":"en","page_count":59}},"include_characters":["_","‿","⁀","⁔","︳","︴","﹍","﹎","﹏","＿"]}

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@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ addressing a specific use case, they should give a comprehensive outline of what
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="further-reading">Further reading</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#further-reading"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42m8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42 1 1 0 0 0 1.42 0l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33M8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only" data-pagefind-ignore="">Section titled “Further reading”</span></a></div>
<ul>
<li>Read <a href="https://diataxis.fr/reference/">about reference</a> in the Diátaxis framework</li>
</ul></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
</ul></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

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<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h3"><h3 id="off-site-backup">Off-site backup</h3><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#off-site-backup"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42m8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42 1 1 0 0 0 1.42 0l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33M8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only" data-pagefind-ignore>Section titled “Off-site backup”</span></a></div>
<p>Of course if you lost the one external disk then all your backups would be ruined. So I suggest you get a second external disk and once a month swap them. Depending on your paranoia you can lock them in your bank’s deposit box or give it to your mother-in-law. As opposed to other backup solutions you can just use the second disk without much configuration. Make sure the autofs knows about it and plug it in.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h2"><h2 id="thanks">Thanks</h2><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#thanks"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42m8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42 1 1 0 0 0 1.42 0l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33M8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only" data-pagefind-ignore>Section titled “Thanks”</span></a></div>
<p>Kudos to Jochen R. who recommended rsnapshot to me.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/linuxtip/pipes/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Pipes and redirection</span></span></a><a href="/squid-acls/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">How Squid ACLs work</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
<p>Kudos to Jochen R. who recommended rsnapshot to me.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/linuxtip/pipes/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Pipes and redirection</span></span></a><a href="/squid-acls/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">How Squid ACLs work</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

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<p>The second <em>http_access</em> line would force the user to re-authenticate time and again if he/she is not member of the PROXY_ALLOWED group. This is perhaps not what you want. You rather wanted to deny access to non-members. So you need to rewrite this <em>http_access</em> line so that an ACL matches that has nothing to do with authentication. This is the correct example:</p>
<div class="expressive-code"><figure class="frame not-content"><figcaption class="header"></figcaption><pre data-language="plaintext"><code><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">acl ldap-auth proxy_auth REQUIRED</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">acl ldapgroup-allowed external LDAP_group PROXY_ALLOWED</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">acl dummy src 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code">
</div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">http_access deny !ldap-auth</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">http_access deny !ldapgroup-allowed dummy</span></div></div><div class="ec-line"><div class="code"><span style="--0:#d6deeb;--1:#403f53">http_access allow all</span></div></div></code></pre><div class="copy"><div aria-live="polite"></div><button title="Copy to clipboard" data-copied="Copied!" data-code="acl ldap-auth proxy_auth REQUIREDacl ldapgroup-allowed external LDAP_group PROXY_ALLOWEDacl dummy src 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0http_access deny !ldap-authhttp_access deny !ldapgroup-allowed dummyhttp_access allow all"><div></div></button></div></figure></div>
<p>This way the second <em>http_access</em> line still matches. But it’s the <em>dummy</em> ACL which is now last in the line. Since <em>dummy</em> is a static ACL (that always matches) and has nothing to do with authentication you will find that the access is just denied.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/rsnapshot-and-usb-drives/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Backups with rsnaphot to external USB drives</span></span></a><a href="/understanding-lvm/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Understanding the Logical Volume Manager (LVM)</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
<p>This way the second <em>http_access</em> line still matches. But it’s the <em>dummy</em> ACL which is now last in the line. Since <em>dummy</em> is a static ACL (that always matches) and has nothing to do with authentication you will find that the access is just denied.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/rsnapshot-and-usb-drives/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Backups with rsnaphot to external USB drives</span></span></a><a href="/understanding-lvm/" rel="next" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17.92 11.62a1.001 1.001 0 0 0-.21-.33l-5-5a1.003 1.003 0 1 0-1.42 1.42l3.3 3.29H7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h7.59l-3.3 3.29a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 .325 1.639 1 1 0 0 0 1.095-.219l5-5a1 1 0 0 0 .21-.33 1 1 0 0 0 0-.76Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Next<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">Understanding the Logical Volume Manager (LVM)</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>

2
understanding-lvm/index.html
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@ -161,4 +161,4 @@
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h3"><h3 id="booting-from-an-lv">Booting from an LV</h3><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#booting-from-an-lv"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42m8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42 1 1 0 0 0 1.42 0l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33M8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only" data-pagefind-ignore>Section titled “Booting from an LV”</span></a></div>
<p>Using LV for all partitions used to be a problem in the past. Debian created an ext2 partition for /boot to make sure the system boots. This has become obsolete for quite a while. You can use LVs everywhere and Debian will happily boot the system.</p>
<div class="sl-heading-wrapper level-h3"><h3 id="raid">RAID</h3><a class="sl-anchor-link" href="#raid"><span aria-hidden="true" class="sl-anchor-icon"><svg width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor"><path d="m12.11 15.39-3.88 3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0-3.5l3.88-3.88a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-3.88 3.89a4.48 4.48 0 0 0 6.33 6.33l3.89-3.88a1 1 0 0 0-1.42-1.42m8.58-12.08a4.49 4.49 0 0 0-6.33 0l-3.89 3.88a1 1 0 1 0 1.42 1.42l3.88-3.88a2.52 2.52 0 0 1 3.5 0 2.47 2.47 0 0 1 0 3.5l-3.88 3.88a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42 1 1 0 0 0 1.42 0l3.88-3.89a4.49 4.49 0 0 0 0-6.33M8.83 15.17a1 1 0 0 0 .71.29 1 1 0 0 0 .71-.29l4.92-4.92a1 1 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-4.92 4.92a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.42"></path></svg></span><span class="sr-only" data-pagefind-ignore>Section titled “RAID”</span></a></div>
<p>By default LVM uses RAID-0. That is the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID">RAID</a> level that makes you lose everything if a single disk fails. LVM support RAID levels 1 and 5 though. Besides the LVM man pages I mainly found <a href="https://blog.programster.org/create-raid-with-lvm">this web page</a> describing it.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:11:06.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/squid-acls/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">How Squid ACLs work</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>
<p>By default LVM uses RAID-0. That is the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID">RAID</a> level that makes you lose everything if a single disk fails. LVM support RAID levels 1 and 5 though. Besides the LVM man pages I mainly found <a href="https://blog.programster.org/create-raid-with-lvm">this web page</a> describing it.</p></div><footer><footer class="sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><div class="meta sl-flex astro-xhxjzfa7"><p>Last updated: <time datetime="2026-07-06T20:15:43.000Z">Jul 6, 2026</time></p></div><div class="pagination-links print:hidden astro-jgq3vlii" dir="ltr"><a href="/squid-acls/" rel="prev" class="astro-jgq3vlii"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="astro-jgq3vlii astro-n5k4ipy7" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="currentColor" style="--sl-icon-size: 1.5rem;"><path d="M17 11H9.41l3.3-3.29a1.004 1.004 0 1 0-1.42-1.42l-5 5a1 1 0 0 0-.21.33 1 1 0 0 0 0 .76 1 1 0 0 0 .21.33l5 5a1.002 1.002 0 0 0 1.639-.325 1 1 0 0 0-.219-1.095L9.41 13H17a1 1 0 0 0 0-2Z"/></svg><span class="astro-jgq3vlii">Previous<br class="astro-jgq3vlii"><span class="link-title astro-jgq3vlii">How Squid ACLs work</span></span></a></div></footer><script defer src="https://comentario.workaround.org/comentario.js"></script><comentario-comments no-fonts="true" id="comments"></comentario-comments><div class="myfooter">This guide is maintained by <a href="mailto:ispmail@christoph-haas.de">Christoph Haas</a> since 2003. All content on workaround.org can be used under the terms of the<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license</a>. Penguin image based on AI art because I suck at drawing.</div></footer></div></div></main></div></div></div></div></body></html>